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Stroop Effect

Jun 2nd, 2007 by mmdays

Posted By Mr. Thursday

Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢？答案是沒有！Stroop Effect是在1935年的時候，由一位實驗心理學家John Ridley Stroop所提出的。這個效應是說，當我們看到代表某個顏色的字，譬如說：RED，我們當然會唸RED。但是當看到的字填上了和字代表的顏色相異的顏色，我們反應的速度就會變慢，譬如說：RED，我們會先想唸出RED，再來才想唸BLUE。Stroop將實驗進一步分成兩種：(1) 唸出字意義上代表的顏色。(2)唸出字看起來的顏色。當我們要唸出上了不同的顏色的字，就會發生幾毫秒的延遲，我們就稱之為Stroop Effect了！

 下面是這個實驗的簡單版本，我們要做的就是打下我們看見的字的顏色，請注意是字看起來的顏色，而非字意義上代表的顏色。紅色就按r(代表red)、黃色就按y(代表yellow)、綠色就按g(代表green)、藍色就按b(代表blue)，按完之後可以按空白鍵繼續，直到實驗結束，他會輸出一張表格，紀錄你答對的題數和反應的時間。

http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/

我在下面post一下我自己的測驗結果給各位參考吧:) (時間單位為毫秒，一秒鐘等於1000毫秒)

test Raw Output:
MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

DIFF – 2103 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF – 1923 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF – 1752 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF – 1462 : green/RED
DIFF – 1793 : yellow/GREEN
SAME – 1512 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME – 922 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF – 1542 : blue/GREEN
DIFF – 1452 : yellow/RED
SAME – 1553 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF – 1522 : red/GREEN
SAME – 2894 : green/GREEN

SAME – 1553 : red/RED
SAME – 821 : red/RED
DIFF – 1182 : green/YELLOW
SAME – 911 : green/GREEN
SAME – 941 : red/RED
SAME – 1042 : blue/BLUE
SAME – 681 : blue/BLUE
DIFF – 2444 : green/YELLOW
DIFF – 1062 : red/BLUE
DIFF – 1052 : red/GREEN
SAME – 1282 : blue/BLUE
SAME – 2013 : green/GREEN

——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 19289
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 16125
——————————————————————–

Average time for different color/word: 1607.4166666666667
Average time for same color/word: 1343.75

後來的人也做了更多變化，包括使用數字的差別來測驗Stroop Effect(出現三個字寫著TWO)，或是在動物圖片上面寫著不同動物的名字(鴿子圖片上面寫著CAT)等等。至於神經生理上面對Stroop Effect的解釋，目前則是有幾種假設，像是神經元之間傳遞速度的差別，視覺和語言訊息在傳遞上的速度有所不同；注意力的假設則是認為顏色分辨需要比較多注意力才能唸出來，意義分辨上則是比較不需要注意力。某些人還發現anterior cingulate area和Stroop Effect可能有些關係。

紅色箭頭指出cingulate cortex以及小腦(cerebellum) 

Anterior Cingulate Cortex(前扣帶皮質)(Yahoo!字典)

總之，這是個有趣的效應，至於神經生理的機制，就留給有興趣的人繼續研究吧！

延伸閱讀

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文章分類: Mr. Thursday, 大腦, 認知心理

  • 測試

    我懷疑這份測試有問題，我在測試過程中的主要障礙是當我看到顏色以後，我必須先轉換成英文單字，然後再取首字母，才能作答；如果是同顏色同字義的題目，就可以直接根據畫面字母和個人自身的打字熟練度來快速作答。

    我將r,g,b,y改成z,x,c,v避開這個問題再測一次（IE7不支援，害我要跑到另一台電腦上開firefox…），測出的結果就很相近，大約在7~800毫秒，這回主要的障礙在z,x,c,v的熟悉度…。

    【第一次】
    以下是首次測試的結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 1281 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 1047 : red/BLUE
    DIFF – 1797 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1125 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 984 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 1422 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 687 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 1031 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 844 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1062 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1046 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 765 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 859 : red/YELLOW
    DIFF – 921 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 797 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 922 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 703 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 812 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 750 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : red/RED
    SAME – 719 : red/RED
    SAME – 641 : red/RED

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 12435
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 9812
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 1036.25
    Average time for same color/word: 817.6666666666666

    【第二次】
    以下是故意製造看不清楚單字的第三次測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 719 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 484 : red/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 516 : yellow/RED
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 688 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 656 : red/RED
    SAME – 563 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 766 : blue/YELLOW
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 688 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 562 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    DIFF – 562 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 671 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 687 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 718 : blue/RED
    DIFF – 641 : blue/GREEN
    SAME – 547 : yellow/YELLOW

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 7796
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 7687
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 649.6666666666666
    Average time for same color/word: 640.5833333333334

    【第三次】
    重回標準方法的測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    DIFF – 906 : green/RED
    SAME – 812 : red/RED
    SAME – 782 : red/RED
    SAME – 703 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 828 : blue/RED
    SAME – 562 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 1015 : green/YELLOW
    DIFF – 547 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1344 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 953 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 906 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : red/RED
    DIFF – 954 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 563 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 875 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 594 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 765 : red/BLUE

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 9766
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 8670
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 813.8333333333334
    Average time for same color/word: 722.5

  • 測試

    我懷疑這份測試有問題，我在測試過程中的主要障礙是當我看到顏色以後，我必須先轉換成英文單字，然後再取首字母，才能作答；如果是同顏色同字義的題目，就可以直接根據畫面字母和個人自身的打字熟練度來快速作答。

    我將r,g,b,y改成z,x,c,v避開這個問題再測一次（IE7不支援，害我要跑到另一台電腦上開firefox…），測出的結果就很相近，大約在7~800毫秒，這回主要的障礙在z,x,c,v的熟悉度…。

    【第一次】
    以下是首次測試的結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 1281 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 1047 : red/BLUE
    DIFF – 1797 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1125 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 984 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 1422 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 687 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 1031 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 844 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1062 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1046 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 765 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 859 : red/YELLOW
    DIFF – 921 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 797 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 922 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 703 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 812 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 750 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : red/RED
    SAME – 719 : red/RED
    SAME – 641 : red/RED

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 12435
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 9812
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 1036.25
    Average time for same color/word: 817.6666666666666

    【第二次】
    以下是故意製造看不清楚單字的第三次測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 719 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 484 : red/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 516 : yellow/RED
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 688 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 656 : red/RED
    SAME – 563 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 766 : blue/YELLOW
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 688 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 562 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    DIFF – 562 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 671 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 687 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 718 : blue/RED
    DIFF – 641 : blue/GREEN
    SAME – 547 : yellow/YELLOW

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 7796
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 7687
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 649.6666666666666
    Average time for same color/word: 640.5833333333334

    【第三次】
    重回標準方法的測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    DIFF – 906 : green/RED
    SAME – 812 : red/RED
    SAME – 782 : red/RED
    SAME – 703 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 828 : blue/RED
    SAME – 562 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 1015 : green/YELLOW
    DIFF – 547 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1344 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 953 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 906 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : red/RED
    DIFF – 954 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 563 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 875 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 594 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 765 : red/BLUE

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 9766
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 8670
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 813.8333333333334
    Average time for same color/word: 722.5

  • 發不出去?

    我懷疑這份測試有問題，我在測試過程中的主要障礙是當我看到顏色以後，我必須先轉換成英文單字，然後再取首字母，才能作答；如果是同顏色同字義的題目，就可以直接根據畫面字母和個人自身的打字熟練度來快速作答。

    我將r,g,b,y改成z,x,c,v避開這個問題再測一次（IE7不支援，害我要跑到另一台電腦上開firefox…），測出的結果就很相近，大約在7~800毫秒，這回主要的障礙在z,x,c,v的熟悉度…。

    【第一次】
    以下是首次測試的結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 1281 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 1047 : red/BLUE
    DIFF – 1797 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1125 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 984 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 1422 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 687 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 1031 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 844 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1062 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1046 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 765 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 859 : red/YELLOW
    DIFF – 921 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 797 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 922 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 703 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 812 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 750 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : red/RED
    SAME – 719 : red/RED
    SAME – 641 : red/RED

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 12435
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 9812
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 1036.25
    Average time for same color/word: 817.6666666666666

    【第二次】
    以下是故意製造看不清楚單字的第三次測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 719 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 484 : red/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 516 : yellow/RED
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 688 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 656 : red/RED
    SAME – 563 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 766 : blue/YELLOW
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 688 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 562 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    DIFF – 562 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 671 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 687 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 718 : blue/RED
    DIFF – 641 : blue/GREEN
    SAME – 547 : yellow/YELLOW

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 7796
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 7687
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 649.6666666666666
    Average time for same color/word: 640.5833333333334

    【第三次】
    重回標準方法的測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    DIFF – 906 : green/RED
    SAME – 812 : red/RED
    SAME – 782 : red/RED
    SAME – 703 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 828 : blue/RED
    SAME – 562 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 1015 : green/YELLOW
    DIFF – 547 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1344 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 953 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 906 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : red/RED
    DIFF – 954 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 563 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 875 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 594 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 765 : red/BLUE

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 9766
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 8670
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 813.8333333333334
    Average time for same color/word: 722.5

  • 發不出去?

    我懷疑這份測試有問題，我在測試過程中的主要障礙是當我看到顏色以後，我必須先轉換成英文單字，然後再取首字母，才能作答；如果是同顏色同字義的題目，就可以直接根據畫面字母和個人自身的打字熟練度來快速作答。

    我將r,g,b,y改成z,x,c,v避開這個問題再測一次（IE7不支援，害我要跑到另一台電腦上開firefox…），測出的結果就很相近，大約在7~800毫秒，這回主要的障礙在z,x,c,v的熟悉度…。

    【第一次】
    以下是首次測試的結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 1281 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 1047 : red/BLUE
    DIFF – 1797 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1125 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 984 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 1422 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 687 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 1031 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 844 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1062 : blue/GREEN
    DIFF – 1046 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 765 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 859 : red/YELLOW
    DIFF – 921 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 797 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 922 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 703 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 812 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 750 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : red/RED
    SAME – 719 : red/RED
    SAME – 641 : red/RED

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 12435
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 9812
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 1036.25
    Average time for same color/word: 817.6666666666666

    【第二次】
    以下是故意製造看不清楚單字的第三次測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    SAME – 719 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 484 : red/GREEN
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    SAME – 672 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 516 : yellow/RED
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 688 : green/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 656 : red/RED
    SAME – 563 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 766 : blue/YELLOW
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    DIFF – 688 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    SAME – 562 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 672 : red/RED
    DIFF – 562 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 671 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 687 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 718 : blue/RED
    DIFF – 641 : blue/GREEN
    SAME – 547 : yellow/YELLOW

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 7796
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 7687
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 649.6666666666666
    Average time for same color/word: 640.5833333333334

    【第三次】
    重回標準方法的測試結果

    Raw Output:
    MATCH – time in ms : color/WORD

    DIFF – 906 : green/RED
    SAME – 812 : red/RED
    SAME – 782 : red/RED
    SAME – 703 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 609 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 688 : green/GREEN
    DIFF – 828 : blue/RED
    SAME – 562 : blue/BLUE
    DIFF – 1015 : green/YELLOW
    DIFF – 547 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 797 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 578 : yellow/GREEN
    DIFF – 1344 : green/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 953 : green/GREEN
    SAME – 734 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 906 : blue/BLUE
    SAME – 641 : yellow/YELLOW
    SAME – 640 : red/RED
    DIFF – 954 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 563 : blue/YELLOW
    DIFF – 875 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 594 : red/GREEN
    DIFF – 765 : red/BLUE

    ——————————————————————–
    Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 9766
    Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 8670
    ——————————————————————–

    Average time for different color/word: 813.8333333333334
    Average time for same color/word: 722.5

  • dorkable

    I did a paper during my uni days on this, your post sure brought back a lot of memories!

  • http://isice2.wordpress.com/2007/06/07/stroop-effect-posted-by-mr-thursday/ Isice’s 資料庫

    Stroop Effect Posted By Mr. Thursday

    Posted By Mr. Thursday
    Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢？答案是沒有！Stroop Effect是在1935年的時候，由一位實驗心理學家John Ridley Stroop所提出的。這個效應是說，當我們看到代表某個顏色的字，

  • http://blueoproom.blogspot.com 小昭

    嗯…
    這個測驗我以前就作過了
    和語言其實沒有甚麼差異
    如果換成是用國語來作
    其結果也是類似的
    (可能英文的會花比較長的時間)

  • http://blueoproom.blogspot.com 小昭

    嗯…
    這個測驗我以前就作過了
    和語言其實沒有甚麼差異
    如果換成是用國語來作
    其結果也是類似的
    (可能英文的會花比較長的時間)

  • Cerita

    Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢 當然沒有關係啊 為什麼開頭會有這一句話 搜尋的時候真的有點嚇到 前者是心理學的 後者是氣象學的 後來引伸到組織變革與危機管理上 真的好冷的依據開場白呀 不過 Stroop Effect的本意還是沒有解釋清楚 這跟大腦的注意力有限比較有關係~

  • Cerita

    Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢 當然沒有關係啊 為什麼開頭會有這一句話 搜尋的時候真的有點嚇到 前者是心理學的 後者是氣象學的 後來引伸到組織變革與危機管理上 真的好冷的依據開場白呀 不過 Stroop Effect的本意還是沒有解釋清楚 這跟大腦的注意力有限比較有關係~

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