Posted By Mr. Thursday
Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢？答案是沒有！Stroop Effect是在1935年的時候，由一位實驗心理學家John Ridley Stroop所提出的。這個效應是說，當我們看到代表某個顏色的字，譬如說：RED，我們當然會唸RED。但是當看到的字填上了和字代表的顏色相異的顏色，我們反應的速度就會變慢，譬如說：RED，我們會先想唸出RED，再來才想唸BLUE。Stroop將實驗進一步分成兩種：(1) 唸出字意義上代表的顏色。(2)唸出字看起來的顏色。當我們要唸出上了不同的顏色的字，就會發生幾毫秒的延遲，我們就稱之為Stroop Effect了！
下面是這個實驗的簡單版本，我們要做的就是打下我們看見的字的顏色，請注意是字看起來的顏色，而非字意義上代表的顏色。紅色就按r(代表red)、黃色就按y(代表yellow)、綠色就按g(代表green)、藍色就按b(代表blue)，按完之後可以按空白鍵繼續，直到實驗結束，他會輸出一張表格，紀錄你答對的題數和反應的時間。
http://www.thewritingpot.com/stroop/
我在下面post一下我自己的測驗結果給各位參考吧:) (時間單位為毫秒，一秒鐘等於1000毫秒)
test Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORDDIFF - 2103 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 1923 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 1752 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 1462 : green/RED
DIFF - 1793 : yellow/GREEN
SAME - 1512 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 922 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF - 1542 : blue/GREEN
DIFF - 1452 : yellow/RED
SAME - 1553 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF - 1522 : red/GREEN
SAME - 2894 : green/GREENSAME - 1553 : red/RED
SAME - 821 : red/RED
DIFF - 1182 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 911 : green/GREEN
SAME - 941 : red/RED
SAME - 1042 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 681 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 2444 : green/YELLOW
DIFF - 1062 : red/BLUE
DIFF - 1052 : red/GREEN
SAME - 1282 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 2013 : green/GREEN——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 19289
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 16125
——————————————————————–Average time for different color/word: 1607.4166666666667
Average time for same color/word: 1343.75
後來的人也做了更多變化，包括使用數字的差別來測驗Stroop Effect(出現三個字寫著TWO)，或是在動物圖片上面寫著不同動物的名字(鴿子圖片上面寫著CAT)等等。至於神經生理上面對Stroop Effect的解釋，目前則是有幾種假設，像是神經元之間傳遞速度的差別，視覺和語言訊息在傳遞上的速度有所不同；注意力的假設則是認為顏色分辨需要比較多注意力才能唸出來，意義分辨上則是比較不需要注意力。某些人還發現anterior cingulate area和Stroop Effect可能有些關係。
紅色箭頭指出cingulate cortex以及小腦(cerebellum)
Anterior Cingulate Cortex(前扣帶皮質)(Yahoo!字典)
總之，這是個有趣的效應，至於神經生理的機制，就留給有興趣的人繼續研究吧！
延伸閱讀
- Stroop Effect簡介(英文)：http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/words.html
- Stroop Effect簡介(中文)：http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~psychology/know/data/exp/09.htm
- (Wikipedia) Stroop Effect
過去的今天：
- 資訊視覺化 - Power Struggle in Wikipedia - 2007
- 說個好故事 - 2007
- 可信賴計算 (Trusted Computing) - 2007
- 創意廣告 - 2007
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我懷疑這份測試有問題，我在測試過程中的主要障礙是當我看到顏色以後，我必須先轉換成英文單字，然後再取首字母，才能作答；如果是同顏色同字義的題目，就可以直接根據畫面字母和個人自身的打字熟練度來快速作答。
我將r,g,b,y改成z,x,c,v避開這個問題再測一次（IE7不支援，害我要跑到另一台電腦上開firefox…），測出的結果就很相近，大約在7~800毫秒，這回主要的障礙在z,x,c,v的熟悉度…。
【第一次】
以下是首次測試的結果
Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORD
SAME - 1281 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 1047 : red/BLUE
DIFF - 1797 : blue/GREEN
DIFF - 1125 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 984 : green/BLUE
SAME - 1422 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 687 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF - 1031 : green/BLUE
SAME - 672 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 844 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 1062 : blue/GREEN
DIFF - 1046 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 765 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 859 : red/YELLOW
DIFF - 921 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 797 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 922 : yellow/GREEN
SAME - 672 : green/GREEN
SAME - 703 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 812 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 750 : green/GREEN
SAME - 688 : red/RED
SAME - 719 : red/RED
SAME - 641 : red/RED
——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 12435
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 9812
——————————————————————–
Average time for different color/word: 1036.25
Average time for same color/word: 817.6666666666666
【第二次】
以下是故意製造看不清楚單字的第三次測試結果
Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORD
SAME - 719 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 484 : red/GREEN
SAME - 672 : red/RED
SAME - 672 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 516 : yellow/RED
DIFF - 578 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 688 : green/BLUE
SAME - 641 : green/GREEN
SAME - 656 : red/RED
SAME - 563 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 766 : blue/YELLOW
SAME - 734 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF - 688 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 640 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 797 : yellow/GREEN
SAME - 562 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 672 : red/RED
DIFF - 562 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 671 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 609 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 687 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 718 : blue/RED
DIFF - 641 : blue/GREEN
SAME - 547 : yellow/YELLOW
——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 7796
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 7687
——————————————————————–
Average time for different color/word: 649.6666666666666
Average time for same color/word: 640.5833333333334
【第三次】
重回標準方法的測試結果
Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORD
DIFF - 906 : green/RED
SAME - 812 : red/RED
SAME - 782 : red/RED
SAME - 703 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 609 : green/GREEN
SAME - 688 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 828 : blue/RED
SAME - 562 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 1015 : green/YELLOW
DIFF - 547 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 797 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 578 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 1344 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 640 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 953 : green/GREEN
SAME - 734 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 906 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 641 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 640 : red/RED
DIFF - 954 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 563 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 875 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 594 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 765 : red/BLUE
——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 9766
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 8670
——————————————————————–
Average time for different color/word: 813.8333333333334
Average time for same color/word: 722.5
我懷疑這份測試有問題，我在測試過程中的主要障礙是當我看到顏色以後，我必須先轉換成英文單字，然後再取首字母，才能作答；如果是同顏色同字義的題目，就可以直接根據畫面字母和個人自身的打字熟練度來快速作答。
我將r,g,b,y改成z,x,c,v避開這個問題再測一次（IE7不支援，害我要跑到另一台電腦上開firefox…），測出的結果就很相近，大約在7~800毫秒，這回主要的障礙在z,x,c,v的熟悉度…。
【第一次】
以下是首次測試的結果
Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORD
SAME - 1281 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 1047 : red/BLUE
DIFF - 1797 : blue/GREEN
DIFF - 1125 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 984 : green/BLUE
SAME - 1422 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 687 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF - 1031 : green/BLUE
SAME - 672 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 844 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 1062 : blue/GREEN
DIFF - 1046 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 765 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 859 : red/YELLOW
DIFF - 921 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 797 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 922 : yellow/GREEN
SAME - 672 : green/GREEN
SAME - 703 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 812 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 750 : green/GREEN
SAME - 688 : red/RED
SAME - 719 : red/RED
SAME - 641 : red/RED
——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 12435
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 9812
——————————————————————–
Average time for different color/word: 1036.25
Average time for same color/word: 817.6666666666666
【第二次】
以下是故意製造看不清楚單字的第三次測試結果
Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORD
SAME - 719 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 484 : red/GREEN
SAME - 672 : red/RED
SAME - 672 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 516 : yellow/RED
DIFF - 578 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 688 : green/BLUE
SAME - 641 : green/GREEN
SAME - 656 : red/RED
SAME - 563 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 766 : blue/YELLOW
SAME - 734 : yellow/YELLOW
DIFF - 688 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 640 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 797 : yellow/GREEN
SAME - 562 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 672 : red/RED
DIFF - 562 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 671 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 609 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 687 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 718 : blue/RED
DIFF - 641 : blue/GREEN
SAME - 547 : yellow/YELLOW
——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 7796
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 7687
——————————————————————–
Average time for different color/word: 649.6666666666666
Average time for same color/word: 640.5833333333334
【第三次】
重回標準方法的測試結果
Raw Output:
MATCH - time in ms : color/WORD
DIFF - 906 : green/RED
SAME - 812 : red/RED
SAME - 782 : red/RED
SAME - 703 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 609 : green/GREEN
SAME - 688 : green/GREEN
DIFF - 828 : blue/RED
SAME - 562 : blue/BLUE
DIFF - 1015 : green/YELLOW
DIFF - 547 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 797 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 578 : yellow/GREEN
DIFF - 1344 : green/YELLOW
SAME - 640 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 953 : green/GREEN
SAME - 734 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 906 : blue/BLUE
SAME - 641 : yellow/YELLOW
SAME - 640 : red/RED
DIFF - 954 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 563 : blue/YELLOW
DIFF - 875 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 594 : red/GREEN
DIFF - 765 : red/BLUE
——————————————————————–
Cumulative time for words that were different from color: 9766
Cumulative time for words that matched the color: 8670
——————————————————————–
Average time for different color/word: 813.8333333333334
Average time for same color/word: 722.5
I did a paper during my uni days on this, your post sure brought back a lot of memories!
Stroop Effect Posted By Mr. Thursday
Posted By Mr. Thursday
Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢？答案是沒有！Stroop Effect是在1935年的時候，由一位實驗心理學家John Ridley Stroop所提出的。這個效應是說，當我們看到代表某個顏色的字，
嗯…
這個測驗我以前就作過了
和語言其實沒有甚麼差異
如果換成是用國語來作
其結果也是類似的
(可能英文的會花比較長的時間)
Stroop Effect和蝴蝶效應有沒有關係呢 當然沒有關係啊 為什麼開頭會有這一句話 搜尋的時候真的有點嚇到 前者是心理學的 後者是氣象學的 後來引伸到組織變革與危機管理上 真的好冷的依據開場白呀 不過 Stroop Effect的本意還是沒有解釋清楚 這跟大腦的注意力有限比較有關係~